In this series of articles, we begin with a lesson on how to avoid runway incursions, as we prepare for the

Private Pilot oral exam. A pilot examiner will undoubtedly test the Special Emphasis areas of the Private

Pilot Practical Test Standards and runway incursion avoidance is normally at the top of the FAA’s list.

The internet is an endless resource of information about the private pilot check ride. Yet few resources

directly address how to pass a private pilot check ride from the pilot examiners point of view. “Directly

address”,when used here, means to provide specific answers to questions that a private pilot applicant

might be asked by a pilot examiner on his/her checkride.

The FAA’s Practical Test Standards (PTS) mandate that pilot examiners must test private pilot

applicants to the level of correlation. Correlation is defined by the FAA in the Aviation Instructor’s

Handbook as the highest Level of Learning. Def. correlation - A basic level of learning where the

student / pilot applicant can associate what has been learned, understood, and applied with previous or

subsequent learning.

The other levels of learning are:

1. Rote

2. Understanding, and

3. Application

How do pilot examiners test a private pilot applicants knowledge to the level of correlation on their

pilot check ride? By the use of reality based scenarios. The use of scenario based testing is the optimal

way to test to the level of correlation that the PTS requires. This article directly addresses a Special

Emphasis Area that most examiners will test and one which many prospective pilot applicants have

failed:

Private Pilot Practical Test Standards; Special Emphasis Area:

7. Runway Incursion Avoidance

Today’s lesson addresses the hot topic of runway incursion avoidance. The FAA defines a runway

incursion as: “Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle

or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and take-off of aircraft.”

The following runway incursion avoidance scenario depicts a special emphasis area of the Private Pilot Practical Test Standards.

The failure of a subject found here will normally result in automatic dis-qualification of a private pilot

applicant on their checkride.

Runway Incursion Scenario :

The pilot applicant will be presented with an airport diagram depicting a typical runway and taxiway

layout. Normally, the examiner will use a towered airport with a semi-complex airport layout that a

Private Pilot might encounter on a typical cross country flight. The applicant will then be provided with

a starting point on the airport diagram and the examiner will give taxi instructions to “taxi to” a

particular runway. Along the way, the pilot may have to “hold short” or taxi across runways that

intersect the route to the assigned takeoff runway.

The private pilot applicant is issued the following taxi clearance by the examiner acting as the tower

controller:

N7451T: “Tower, N7451T is at the south ramp with information Romeo, request taxi clearance for a

northbound departure.”

Tower: “N7451T taxi to runway niner left via taxiway Charlie, left on taxiway Alpha, right on taxiway

Quebec and left on taxiway Kilo.”

N7451T: “N7451T taxi to runway niner left via taxiway Charlie, left on taxiway Alpha, right on

taxiway Quebec and left on taxiway Kilo.”

Use the following diagram to determine the first place N7451T should hold short.

AIRPORT DIAGRAM FOR RUNWAY INCURSION SCENARIO

Should N7451T stop at:

1. Point A
2. Point B
3. Point C
4. Point D

If you stop at Point A the tower controller may gently remind you that you were “Cleared to runway

“niner left.” I actually did this when I was a student pilot at this exact airport and the reminder I got

wasn’t so gentle.

If you stop at Point B the tower controller is liable to tell you to taxi back to the ramp in order to receive

instruction on how to taxi an aircraft properly. That can get really expensive.

By this time, most students have exhausted all their guesses and fall for the ultimate trap of stating that

they would taxi to Point D. OOPS, looks like you just got violated for a runway incursion. OH, and that

large jet that just flew over the top of your little trainer made an emergency go-around when they saw

you on the runway.

By now the private pilot applicant is being offered the opportunity of continuing the oral exam and

being given credit for the satisfactory portions already completed. Or just taking the “pink slip”

because they’ve failed the Private Pilot oral exam.

By now you’ve realized that N7451T should have stopped at Point C. Why? The private pilot applicant

was cleared to taxi to runway “niner left.” Therefore, he/she was cleared across all runways that

intersect the taxi route but not across the runway they were cleared to “taxi to.” By crossing an active

runway, runway niner left, the pilot of N7451T has caused a serious, and possibly deadly violation of

the regulations. This is why this is a Special Emphasis Area and why pilot examiners will automatically

fail a private pilot applicant for answering this scenario incorrectly. Feel free to decipher the following

excerpt from the Federal Aviation Regulations.

In this scenario, the private pilot applicant must correlate Federal Aviation Regulation(FAR) 91.129(i)

to the scenario or situation that a pilot may find themselves in. It states: Takeoff, landing, taxi

clearance. No person may, at any airport with an operating control tower, operate an aircraft on a

runway or taxiway, or take off or land an aircraft, unless an appropriate clearance is received from

ATC. A clearance to “taxi to” the takeoff runway assigned to the aircraft is not a clearance to cross that

assigned takeoff runway, or to taxi on that runway at any point, but is a clearance to cross other

runways that intersect the taxi route to that assigned takeoff runway. A clearance to “taxi to” any point

other than an assigned takeoff runway is clearance to cross all runways that intersect the taxi route to

that point.

From my experience while testing pilot applicants for the issuance of an FAA Private Pilot Certificate,

only about 50% of flight students answer this scenario based question correctly on the oral exam

portion of their private pilot check ride. What does that say for the current teaching standards exhibited

by well, 50% of the Certified Flight Instructors(CFI) teaching at this particular school. POOR!!!

Eventually the word got around and the pass rate went up to about 75% which is still below the

standards required by the FAA.

Failing a private pilot check ride can be a very dis-heartening experience for some and that’s putting it

lightly. Not only that, the failure of a pilot check ride can have future ramifications for those pursuing

more advanced FAA Pilot certificates and a career in aviation as a professional pilot.

Don’t make the mistake that most flight students make by blindly relying on their CFI and ground

school instructors to adequately prepare them for a pilot check ride. Use all available resources and stay

tuned here at AviationMD for future scenario based presentations.

Please leave a comment or a question and they will be personally answered. Our goal here is to provide

the most comprehensive resource for how to pass a pilot checkride on the internet.

PRIVATE PILOT ORAL AND FLIGHT EXAM

PRIVATE PILOT CERTIFICATION COURSE

EXAMINER’S PLAN OF ACTION

CHECKRIDE REQUIREMENT – The Private Pilot applicant shall plan a cross-country flight that is assigned by the check instructor.

Although this Plan of Action for the Private Pilot Oral and Flight exam  references the PA-28-161, if circumstances dictate that another aircraft be used, the Check Instructor may conduct the Check in that aircraft.

1. Appointment

A. Private Pilot applicant:

Name: __________________ Phone: __________________

B. Instructor:

Name: __________________ Phone: __________________

C. Private Pilot Practical Test:

Date and Time: __________________

Certificate and/or Rating Sought: Private Pilot License

Retest (Yes or No)

Aircraft Make and Model: __________________

2. Introduction and Briefing

A. Put the applicant at ease and advise applicant of available comfort facilities (rest room, water fountain, vending machine, etc).

B. Confirm type of practical test or retest.

C. Provide a casual overview of the test.

D. Verify that the applicant is aware of Private Pilot PTS requirements and tolerances.

E. Advise the applicant:

-The Practical Test is conducted in accordance with the Private Pilot PTS.

-Will be using a Plan Of Action (Used to Organize the Practical Test).

-Will be taking notes for the debrief – good or bad.

-Oral questioning will continue throughout the test.

-Perfection is not the standard.

-Three possible outcomes are:

1. Satisfactory – Temporary Certificate – Sign in Records, valid for 120 days.

2. Unsatisfactory – Further training required.

3. Incomplete (Aircraft malfunction, weather, etc).

3. Paperwork Validation

A. Collect/Verify the required documents from the private pilot applicant and aircraft logbooks:

-Complete and signed 8710-1 Application, Airmen Certificate and/or Rating Application has been entered in IACRA.

-Student Pilot Certificate.

-Minimum Third Class FAA Medical (Note Limitations).

-Photo ID – State/Government Issued.

-FAA Private Pilot Knowledge Exam Results w/in 24 cal. Months.

-Ground school results.

-Acceptable Account Balance.

-Practical Test Endorsements.

-Flight Training Requirements for FAR Part 141 / or FAR Part 61 as applicable:

~Minimum of 36 hours of Flight Training;

~Minimum of 21 hours of Dual Flight Instruction;

~Minimum of 5 hours of Solo Training, which includes;

+ One solo cross-country flight of at least 100NM with landings at a minimum of three points, and one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line distance of at least 50NM between takeoff and landing locations; and

+ Minimum of 3 takeoffs and landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower.

~Minimum of 3 hours of cross-country Flight training;

~Minimum of 3 hours of night flight training, which includes:

~One cross-country flight of more than 100NM total distance; and

~10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport;

~Minimum of 3 hours of instrument training; and

~Minimum of 3 hours of flight training in preparation for the Practical Test within 60 days preceding the date of the test.

-Aircraft Documents (certificates, inspection endorsements, and equipment)

-Verify that required equipment is available:

~Current aeronautical Charts.

~Computer and plotter.

~Flight plan form and logs.

~Current FAR/AIM, A/FD, and PTS.

~View limiting device for flight test.

B. Any Questions??

C. Announce “THE TEST HAS BEGUN”

4. Oral Quiz – Ground to Private  Pilot PTS

A. Access all levels of learning: Rote, Understanding, Application, and Correlation.

B. Correlation: Should be the objective of aviation instruction.

C. Scenario-based situations are one of the evaluators better tools for more comprehensive testing.

D. Characteristics of good oral questions include: Reliable, Valid, Usable, Objective, Comprehensive, and Non-discriminating.

E. Ask various questions relevant to the Private Pilot PTS:

-What is the purpose of the PTS?

-Discuss the difference between the terms “shall” and “must” versus “should” and “may.”

-Which is required to be accomplished first, the ground or flight portion?

-What is an Area of Operation?

-What is a Task?

-What is the purpose of sections labeled as “NOTE?”

-Name at least four (4) sources that the PTS is based on.

-If a Designated Pilot Examiner (DPE) elects to begin a particular Area of Operation, how many Tasks in that Area of Operation must they complete?

-To what degree must each Task be evaluated?

-How are simulated emergency procedures to be conducted?

-Name at least five (5) special emphasis areas that the DPE must evaluate.

-Name at least two (2) requirements of the airplane and equipment supplied for the Private Pilot Practical Test.

-Are you required to know everything about every piece of equipment installed in the supplied airplane?

-What is the Flight Instructor’s responsibility concerning the PTS?

-What is the DPE’s responsibility when conducting a Private Pilot Practical Test?

-Should you expect, as the Applicant for this Private Pilot Practical Test, expect the DPE to ever stop asking questions, especially during the flight portion of the Practical Test?

-Explain what would happen if the DPE evaluates a Task as Incomplete.

-Give at least three (3) examples of a Satisfactory Performance.

-Can you fail the Practical Test if only one (1) Task is failed?

-Who may allow the Practical Test to continue if a Task has been failed?

-Describe the Retest procedures.

-List at least three (3) grounds for disqualification.

-What is the purpose of a DPE causing realistic distractions?

I. Area of Operation: Pre-flight Preparation

NOTE: The examiner shall develop a scenario based on real time weather to evaluate TASK C and D.

A. Certificates and Documents

-What are the privileges a Private Pilot has with their certificate?

-What are the limitations a Private Pilot has on their certificate?

-Your friends all want to fly to Key West for Spring Break and agree they’ll pay for the aircraft if you pay for the fuel and tie down fees. Is this legal? Why or why not?

-Your dad works for ABC Aircraft and offers you a summer job flying airplanes. He says he’ll pay you to fly perspective customers around the pattern. Is this legal?

-What is a pilot required to have in their possession prior to conducting a flight (61.3)?

-When can a Private Pilot, if ever, sign someones logbook? Give Examples.

-Does the Private Pilot certificate expire? If so, when?

-Once you obtain a Private Pilot Certificate, you will first get a temporary certificate. How long does that temp remain valid?

-What recent flight experience must you maintain with a Private Pilot certificate?

-What does a Flight Review consist of (61.56)?

-What class of medical must be maintained to exercise the privileges of the Private Pilot certificate?

-How long is the above-mentioned medical good for?

-If I received a medical on January 4th, 2007, and I am 36, what is the last day I can legally fly with a:

~3rd class medical?

~2nd Class medical?

~1st Class medical?

-You are a 45 year old ATP pilot who wants to exercise those ATP privileges. You obtain a 1st Class medical on December 17th, 2008. When do those privileges expire? What privileges are you allowed to exercise after those 1st class privileges expire? (61.23)

-As a Private pilot, are you required to log every flight in a logbook?

-What, if any, flights are you required to log?

-What documents are required to be on board your aircraft?

-What is an airworthiness certificate and when does it expire?

-What is a registration certificate and when does it expire?

-What is a POH?

-What is an AFM?

-What are the differences between a POH and an AFM?

-What is the definition of high-performance airplane? What must you do to act as PIC of a high-performance airplane? (61.31)

-What is the definition of complex airplane? What must you do to act as PIC of a high-performance airplane? (61.31)

-If a pilot changes his/her permanent mailing address and fail to notify the FAA of the new address, how long is may the pilot continue to exercise the privileges of his/her pilot certificate? (61.60)

B. Airworthiness Requirements

-What is the definition of airworthy?

-What required equipment is necessary for VFR Day?

-What required equipment is necessary for VFR Night?

-What is a MEL?

-Do our aircraft have MELs?

-During the pre-flight inspection on a rental aircraft, you notice that one of the radios in that aircraft is inoperative. Please tell me 3 possible paths you can take to assure that aircraft is airworthy with inoperative equipment (AC 91.67).

-You buy an aircraft and want to create an MEL for it, who should you talk to in order to get such a document approved? What is the process?

-Could you include an “Altimeter” on your MEL?

-How do we determine, when there is inoperative equipment, that our flight is still legal?

-What is special flight permit and give a few examples of why you would need one?

-What is an airworthiness directive and who is responsible for ensuring they are properly complied with?

-While looking at The Operating Handbook, you notice some pages seemed to have fallen out, including the Table of Contents and all of Sections 5, 6, and 7. Is the aircraft still Airworthy? Why or why not?

-What inspections are required to be conducted and what are their time intervals?

-How often and when must ELT batteries be changed?

-Where must maintenance inspections be logged?

-What is an FAA Form 337? (Appendix B to Part 43)

-What is a life-limited part? An Airworthiness Directive? A Service Bulletin?

-What are the kinds of AD’s?

-Can a private pilot remove and repair landing gear tires under preventative maintenance if it involves complex assembly? Is there ever an instance when this kind of maintenance can be done by a private pilot? (Appendix A to Part 43 (c)).

C. Weather Information

It is suggested that the student be asked various questions on WX reports at the WX computer in the Briefing Room.

-Explain the various means of obtaining a weather briefing

-What is the primary means of obtaining weather information, according to the AIM?

-Decode a METAR.

-Decode a TAF.

-What is a TAF? How long are these normally valid for? How many times a day are they issued. (AIM Ch. 7)

-Decode an FA.

-Decode an FD

-Decode a PIREP

-Ask questions particular to Surface Analysis Charts, Radar Charts, Winds Aloft Forecasts, Significant WX Prognostic Charts, and Convective Outlooks.

-Which way does air flow around a high pressure system in the Northern Hemisphere? (AC 00-6A)

-What are the differences between AWOS, ASOS, ATIS?

-From the above information, could we legally fly and accomplish the tasks we are required to do for this flight?

-At what height above the surface would a pilot expect the bases of clouds to be if the surface temperature is 22°C and the dew point is 12°C? (AC 00-6A)

-What are the standard temperature and pressure values for sea level?

-What does “dew point” mean?

-What are the different types of fog? (AC 00-6A)

-Define “wind shear?” What areas are of special concern? (AC 00-6A)

-How do you determine the stability of the atmosphere?

-What effects of stable and unstable air have on clouds, turbulence, precipitation and visibility?

-Is frost considered to be hazardous to flight? Why?

-What action is recommended if you inadvertently encounter icing conditions?

-What types of weather briefings are available from an FSS briefer?

-What is EFAS?

-What is HIWAS?

-What is a TWEB?

-What is a Convective SIGMET?

-What is a SIGMET?

-What is an AIRMET?

-Define the terms IFR, MVFR, and VFR.

-Have the Private Pilot applicant make a go/no-go decision based on the current weather conditions.

D. Cross-Country Flight Planning

-Show me your Navigation log and course line drawn on your sectional for your cross-country.

-What is pilotage? Dead Reckoning?

-How did you find your True Course?

-What is your wind correction angle and how did you compute it?

-What cruising altitude did you select and why did you choose it?

-According to Part 91.151, what are the fuel requirements for DAY VFR? NIGHT VFR?

-How long are sectionals good for?

-What are Maximum Elevation Figures? Why are they important?

-What is variation and why must we accommodate for it?

-Have the Private Pilot applicant identify different types of airspace.

-Where can you obtain specific information about Special Use Airspace on the sectional?

-Will the checkpoints you have selected be easily visible from our route and altitude?

-Show me on your E6B how you computed ETE, ETA, GS, Fuel Burn, etc.

-What are the VFR Day and Night fuel reserve requirements?

-What are the supplemental oxygen requirements?

-What is a VOR?

-Give the student a position on a sectional and ask them to explain which FSS and how they would contact FSS via airborne and/or ground communication. Cover the various means to contact FSS.

-Discuss the services available from FSS.

-Discuss the principles of the VFR Flight Plan.

-What is a DVFR flight plan? When would you use one?

-How long after the ETA do you have to close a Flight Plan?

-What happens after a Flight Plan elapses?

-Discuss VFR Flight Following principles.

-What is an AFD? What pertinent information can you get from an AFD?

-How often are AFDs published?

-Explain the procedures for a diversion to an alternate.

-Explain the lost procedures.

-If I’m flying to an uncontrolled field, at what distance out should I make a position report on the Common Traffic Advisory Frequency?

-What is the AIM recommended departure procedure from a non-towered airport?

-Discuss emergency situations and give scenarios (bad WX, a/c problems, etc.) for the student to work through.

E. National Airspace System

-Randomly select classes of airspace and ask for VFR weather minimums.

-What altitudes define Class A airspace?

-Can you enter Class A airspace with a Private Pilot certificate?

-Must you have a clearance to enter Class A airspace?

-What equipment must you have to enter Class A airspace?

-Ask the Private Pilot applicant to show you Class B airspace on the sectional.

-Explain the solid magenta circle centered on the Primary Class B airport.

-What pilot certification and what aircraft equipment are required for Class B operations?

-Can a Private Pilot fly in all Class B airspace areas in the United States? If not, where can you find that information?

-What constitutes a clearance to enter Class B airspace?

-What are the maximum speeds for operating in and below Class B airspace?

-How high does Class B airspace extend to? MSL or AGL?

-Ask the Private Pilot applicant to show you Class C airspace on the sectional.

-What are the dimensions of a typical Class C airspace?

-What pilot certification and what aircraft equipment are required for Class C operations?

-Can you fly over (not in) Class C airspace without a transponder?

-What constitutes a clearance to enter Class C airspace?

-Ask the Private Pilot applicant to show you Class D airspace on the sectional.

-What are the dimensions of Class D airspace?

-What pilot certification and what aircraft equipment are required for Class D airspace?

-What constitutes a clearance to enter Class D airspace?

-Give all the possible locations and dimensions of Class E airspace.

-What class airspace are Victor Airways?

-What are their dimensions and altitudes?

-Can Class E airspace go to the surface? If so, show me on the sectional.

-What pilot certification and what aircraft equipment are required for Class E airspace?

-Where can Class G airspace exist?

-What are the maximum and minimum altitudes for Class G airspace?

-Define special use airspace.

-List and define the types of special use airspace?

-Can you ever fly through a restricted area?

-What is a National Security Area?

-What is an Airport Advisory Area?

-Of the six special use airspace areas, which is not depicted on a sectional?

-What is an ADIZ and where are they found?

-Where are all controlled classes of airspace defined in the FAR’s?

-What is a TRSA?

-What services are available from a TRSA?

-What is a TFR?

-Interpret a TFR NOTAM.

-Please name 4 instances that you would need a Mode C transponder for flight.

-What is a VFR flyway? Is a clearance required to use these?

-Discuss intercept procedures.

F. Performance and Limitations

-List and define all the V-speeds for the PA-28-161.

-Out of all of the V-speeds, which ones are not marked on the airspeed indicator?

-What is Va, and how does it change with an increase in weight?

-Prepare and discuss a weight and balance for the PA-28-161.

-Select random performance charts and have the student explain the chart completely.

-Discuss power setting information for the route intended.

-Discuss mixture leaning principles.

-Best Power

-Best Economy

-Define and discuss the different types of altitude.

-Density

-Pressure

-Indicated

-True

-Absolute

-Find the pressure altitude given the following conditions:

-Altimeter Setting: 30.22

-Field Elevation: 1500 MSL

-OAT: 30 degrees C

-Describe the effects of density altitude on aircraft performance.

-Engine

-Propeller

-Wing

-Describe the effects of humidity on aircraft performance.

-What operational factors should you consider when operating at a high density altitude airport in high temperatures?

-What is the difference between:

-IAS

-CAS

-EAS

-TAS

Aerodynamics

-What are the four forces that act on an airplane at all times? (AC 61.23C)

-Name the different types of drag that affect an airplane?

-What laws are behind the airplane’s ability to produce lift? Explain each.

-Please name the turning tendencies that affect an airplane on takeoff. Describe each.

-What causes adverse yaw?

-What effect does a forward center of gravity have on an aircraft’s stall speed, cruise speed, stability, and back pressure required by the pilot?

-What effect does an aft center of gravity have on an aircraft’s stall speed, cruise speed, stability, and back pressure required by the pilot?

-Name the various control surfaces that manipulate lift.

-Does an aircraft climb from excess thrust or excess lift?

-What is the wing chord?

-What is meant by angle of attack?

-What is the relative wind?

-Relative wind affects which of the four forces?

-Define “Stall”

-Explain how an aircraft could stall in a steep power dive.

-What is load factor?

-What is the difference between center of pressure and center of gravity?

-How would flying with an aft CG affect aircraft performance?

-What are the left-turning tendencies of the aircraft?

-What is an over-banking tendency?

-Would an over-banking tendency be more apparent in a turn to the right or left?

-What does stability mean to you?

-How would you design an aircraft to be more stable?

-What are 3 types of drag?

-What are the dangers of flying in ground effect?

-Define maneuvering speed.

-Why does maneuvering speed change with weight?

-What is the relationship between load factor and stall speed?

-Are their any other factors that could affect stall speed?

G. Operation of Systems

-Describe the construction design of the PA-28-161.

-What is the model number for the PA28-161?

-Describe how the flight controls operate.

-What is the purpose of trim?

-Discuss how the trim control operates and the aerodynamics involved.

-What is the purpose of flaps?

-What flap positions does the PA-28-161 have?

-Describe the engine on the PA-28-161.

-How does the starter system work on the PA28-161?

-What type of propeller is on the PA-28-161?

-Describe the landing gear on the PA-28-161.

-Describe the fuel system on the PA-28-161.

-Please draw out the fuel system for the PA28-161?

-How many fuel pumps does the PA-28-161 have?

-How many fuel sumps do you check during the pre-flight of a PA-28-161?

-What items should you look for when examining fuel during any pre-flight?

-How should you properly dispose of fuel after sumping it from the tank(s)?

-How many quarts of oil should the PA-28-161 be operated with?

-What kind of carburetor does the PA28-161 have?

-What things should you look for when checking the oil during the pre-flight?

-Does the PA-28-161 use hydraulic fluid? If so, for what system?

-Describe the brake system of the PA-28-161?

-What is a magneto?

-You’re flying along, when suddenly the electrical system goes completely dead. Should you prepare for a power off landing in a field below? Why or Why not?

-What spark plugs are connected to the left magneto?

-What is a P-lead?

-Describe and discuss the electrical system on the PA-28-161.

-How many amps and volts are the alternator and battery rated for?

-Which of the above is the primary source of electrical power?

-What are the indications of an alternator failure in-flight?

-What is the purpose of the battery?

-What is an over-voltage relay?

-What should you do if your alternator failed in-flight?

-Discuss various electrical system problems (i.e. over-voltage, power-surging, etc.)

-Ask various GNS 430, transponder, and audio panel related questions concerning their operation.

-What are the Pitot Static instruments?

-Which run(s) only on the static source?

-Which runs off both the Pitot and static sources?

-Discuss the operating principles of the altimeter.

-Discuss the operating principles of the airspeed indicator.

-Discuss the operating principles of the VSI.

-Discuss the possible failures related to the Pitot Static instruments.

-What would you do in these events?

-What are the gyroscopic instruments?

-Discuss the operating principles of the DG.

-Discuss the operating principles of the Attitude Indicator.

-Discuss the operating principles of the turn coordinator.

-Discuss the possible failures related to the gyroscopic instruments.

-Describe the heating system on the PA-28-161.

-What considerations must you take when operating the heater?

-Differentiate between deicing and anti-ice systems.

-What is Pre-ignition?

-What is Detonation?

H. Aeromedical Factors

-Describe the IM SAFE checklist.

-Define hypoxia.

-Name the types of hypoxia.

-List the symptoms of hypoxia.

-How do you prevent and/or overcome hypoxia while in-flight?

-What factors can increase one’s susceptibility to hypoxia?

-Define hyperventilation.

-List the symptoms of hyperventilation.

-What preventative measures can be taken to combat hyperventilation?

-What may happen if one flies with a head cold/sinus infection?

-What causes pain in the inner ear during a decent from altitude? Please draw out what is happening.

-Define spatial disorientation.

-What may be done to prevent spatial disorientation?

-What are some illusions that are commonly associated with special disorientation?

-What would you tell a passenger to do if they were suffering from motion sickness?

-What are the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning?

-What are the sources of carbon monoxide on the aircraft?

-If you suspect carbon monoxide poisoning, what course of action would you take?

-How would a pilot’s actions be effected when under stress or fatigued?

-Name two kinds of fatigue and when they are likely to occur.

-What can happen if someone becomes dehydrated?

-Mary Jane went bar hopping last night and stopped drinking at 0100 local time this morning. According to the FAA, assuming she is not over the legal BAL limit, when can she act as a required crew member?

-What is the maximum blood alcohol level a pilot can have?

-Can a pilot fly with a hang over?

-Can a pilot fly after taking Benadryl?

-I decide to go scuba diving this Saturday afternoon at 3pm that will probably involve making decompression stops before returning to the surface. However, I also scheduled a flight with a student Sunday morning at 6am. My flight will probably only take me to 3,000 feet. Is this a good idea?

-How long after a controlled ascent is it recommended a pilot wait before flying?

-How long after an uncontrolled ascent is it recommended a pilot wait before flying?

-What condition are you risking if you do not adhere to the above wait times?

III. Area of Operation: Airport Operations

A. Task: Radio Communications and ATC Light Gun Signals

NOTE: The following material may be modified to meet the evaluators specific needs.

1. Develop Scenarios to determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to radio communications and ATC light gun signals

B. Task: Traffic Patterns

NOTE: The following material may be modified to meet the evaluators specific needs.

1. Develop scenarios to determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the prevention of runway incursions, collision avoidance, wake turbulence avoidance, wind shear, and land and hold short operations.

C. Task: Airport, Runway, and Taxiway signs, Markings, and lighting

NOTE: The following material may be modified to meet the evaluators specific needs.

1. Develop scenarios to determine that applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to airport, runway, and taxiway operations with emphasis on runway incursion avoidance.

2. Have the applicant identify and interpret airport, runway, and taxiway signs, markings, and lighting.

VIII. Area of Operation: Slow Flight and Stalls

A. Task: Spin Awareness

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to spin awareness by explaining:

1. Aerodynamic factors related to spins.

2. Flight situations where unintentional spins may occur.

3. What is the proper recovery procedure for the Piper Cadet?

X. Area of Operation: Emergency Operations

B. Task: Systems and Equipment Malfunctions

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to system and equipment malfunctions appropriate to the airplane provided for the practical test.

2. Analyzes the situation and takes appropriate action for simulated emergencies appropriate to the airplane provided for the practical test for at least three (3) of the following—

a. Partial or complete power loss.

b. Engine roughness or overheat.

c. Carburetor or induction icing.

d. Loss of oil pressure.

e. Fuel starvation.

f. Electrical malfunction.

g. Vacuum/pressure, and associated flight instruments malfunction.

h. Pitot/static.

i. Landing gear or flap malfunction.

j. Inoperative trim.

k. Inadvertent door or window opening.

l. Structural icing.

m. Smoke/fire/engine compartment fire.

n. Any other emergency appropriate to the airplane.

3. Follows the appropriate checklist or procedure.

XI. Area of Operation: Night Operation

A. Task: Night Preparation

NOTE: The following material may be modified to meet the evaluators specific needs.

-If you are planning on flying with friends at night, but are not current to carry passengers at night, what is the latest you can have passengers in the airplane if sunset is at 8:00pm exactly?

-When can you start logging night flight time?

-What is the procedure for adapting your eyes for night flying?

-What are cones?

-What are rods?

-How do you look at objects at night? Why is this different than during the day?

-Above what altitude is the use of oxygen recommended? Why?

-What must you consider when operating an aircraft on a ramp at night?

-What additional equipment is needed for safe flying at night?

-How would you deal with an engine failure at night?

-What are some indications of entering IMC at night?

-Ask about the orientation of position lights on aircraft and how the student would distinguish them while in flight at night.

End of Private Pilot Oral Exam

1. Inform the Private Pilot applicant of sat/unsat. areas.

2. Questions?

3. Give guidance for improvement.

5. Flight Test to Private Pilot PTS – Pre-flight Briefing

A. The Private Pilot applicant will act as PIC (14 CFR 61.47) during the flight test.

B. Emergencies – actual or simulated

C. Transfer of controls

D. Collision avoidance

E. Advise that oral questioning will continue

F. Testing with Plan Of Action will continue in accordance with the PTS

G. Will continue taking notes – good or bad.

H. Continue/discontinue if task is unsatisfactory

I. Review weight and balance

J. Review profile of flight test – perfection is not the standard

K. Answer any questions

L. Begin flight evaluation

6. Flight Evaluation Checklist

NOTE: The following material may be modified to meet the evaluators specific needs.

A. Area of operation II: PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES

-Pre-flight Inspection (ASEL and ASES)

-Cockpit Management (ASEL and ASES)

-Engine Starting (ASEL and ASES)

-Taxiing (ASEL)

-Before Takeoff Check (ASEL and ASES)

B. Area of Operation III: AIRPORT OPERATIONS

-Radio Communications and ATC Light Signals (ASEL and ASES)

-Traffic Patterns (ASEL and ASES)

-Airport/Seaplane Base, Runway, and Taxiway Signs, Markings, and Lighting (ASEL and ASES)

C. Area of operation IV: TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS

-Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb (ASEL and ASES)

-Normal and Crosswind Approach and Landing (ASEL and ASES)

-Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb (ASEL)

-Soft-Field Approach and Landing (ASEL)

-Short-Field (Confined Area—ASES) Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb (ASEL and ASES)

-Short-Field Approach (Confined Area—ASES) and Landing (ASEL and ASES)

-Forward Slip to a Landing (ASEL and ASES)

-Go-Around/Rejected Landing (ASEL and ASES)

D. Area of Operation V: PERFORMANCE MANEUVER

-Steep Turns (ASEL and ASES)

E. Area of Operation VI: GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS

Note: The examiner shall select at least one task.

-Rectangular Course (ASEL and ASES)

-S-Turns (ASEL and ASES)

-Turns Around a Point (ASEL and ASES)

F. Area of Operation VII: NAVIGATION

-Pilotage and Dead Reckoning (ASEL and ASES)

-Navigation Systems and Radar Services (ASEL and ASES)

-Diversion (ASEL and ASES)

-Lost Procedures (ASEL and ASES)

G. Area of Operation VIII: SLOW FLIGHT AND STALLS

-Maneuvering During Slow Flight (ASEL and ASES)

-Power-Off Stalls (ASEL and ASES)

-Power-On Stalls (ASEL and ASES)

-Spin Awareness (ASEL and ASES)

H. Area of Operation IX: BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS

NOTE: The examiner shall select Task E and at least two other tasks.

-Straight-and-Level Flight (ASEL and ASES)

-Constant Airspeed Climbs (ASEL and ASES)

-Constant Airspeed Descents (ASEL and ASES)

-Turns to Headings (ASEL and ASES)

-Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes (ASEL and ASES)

-Radio Communications, Navigation Systems/Facilities, and Radar Services (ASEL and ASES)

I. Area of Operation X: EMERGENCY OPERATIONS

-Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated) (ASEL and ASES)

-Systems and Equipment Malfunctions (ASEL and ASES)

-Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear (ASEL and ASES)

J. Area of Operation XI: NIGHT OPERATION

-Night Preparation (ASEL and ASES)

K. Area of Operation XII: POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES

Note: The examiner shall select Task A

-After Landing, Parking, and Securing (ASEL and ASES)

L. Make sure all safety practices and procedures are followed while conducting the above Tasks.

7. Debrief

A. All aspects of the flight portion of the Private Pilot Check Ride should be debriefed and discussed.

B. Make suggestions or recommendations to help the newly rated Private Pilot improve.

C. Answer any -questions the student may have.

D. Complete all the necessary paperwork.

-Student Logbook – Remarks done by Check Instructor.

CROSS COUNTRY FLIGHT CHECK

photo credit: lug00ber

CROSS COUNTRY FLIGHT CHECK REQUIREMENT – Student shall plan a cross country flight that is assigned by the Check Instructor.

1. Lesson Objective:

The cross country flight check will be conducted by a designated check instructor who will evaluate the student’s ability to safely conduct solo VFR cross country flight operations. Additionally, the student’s proficiency in conducting uncontrolled airport operations will be assessed. This lesson completes stage two and prepares the student pilot for their first solo cross country flight.

2. Introduction and Briefing

A. Put the applicant at ease and advise applicant of available comfort facilities (rest room, water fountain, vending machine, etc).
B. Confirm type of practical test or retest.
C. Provide a casual overview of the test.
D. Verify that the applicant is aware of PTS requirements and tolerances.
E. Advise the applicant:

• The Cross Country Flight Check shall be conducted in accordance with the appropriate part 61 or Part 141 Syllabus and the Private Pilot PTS.
• The check airman will be using a Plan Of Action (Used to Organize the Cross Country Flight Check).
• He/She will be taking notes for the debrief – good or bad. Don’t let that bother you.
• Oral questioning will continue throughout the test.
• Perfection is not the standard.
• Three possible outcomes are:

1. Satisfactory
2. Unsatisfactory – Further training required.
3. Incomplete (Aircraft malfunction, weather, etc).

3. Paperwork Validation

A. Student Pilot Certificate
B. Minimum Third Class FAA Medical
C. Photo ID – State/Government Issued
D. Acceptable Account Balance
E. Flight Training Course Minimums as listed in the Private Pilot PTS
F. Aircraft Documents (certificates, inspection endorsements, and equipment)
G. Verify that required equipment is available (if applicable).

• Current aeronautical Charts.
• Computer and plotter.
• Flight plan form and logs.
• Current FAR/AIM, AFD, and PTS.
• View limiting device for flight test.

H. Any Questions??

I. Announce “THE TEST HAS BEGUN”

4. Oral Quiz – Private PTS

A. Weather Information

It is suggested that the student be asked various questions on WX reports at a WX computer.

• Decode an Routine Aviation Weather report (METAR).
• Decode a Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF).
• Decode an Area Forecast (FA).
• What sections comprise an Area Forecast (FA)?
• Decode a Winds Aloft Report (FD).
• Decode a Pilot Report (PIREP).
• Ask questions particular to Surface Analysis Charts, Radar Summary Charts, Winds Aloft Forecasts, Significant WX Prog. Charts, Convective Outlooks.

Scenario: You are planning to fly a cross country flight across the state of Florida. You check the weather and notice that there are thunderstorms forming slightly north and slightly south of your planned cross country flight route. It is recommended that you remain clear of thunderstorms by a certain distance. What is that distance? Why? (20nm, because hail can be thrown outward that far)

• What are the differences between AWOS, ASOS, ATIS?
• From the above information, could we legally fly and accomplish the tasks we are required to do for this cross country flight?
• What are the standard temperature and pressure values for sea level?
• What does “dew point” mean?
• How do you determine the stability of the atmosphere?
• What effects of stable and unstable air have on clouds, turbulence, precipitation and visibility?
• Is frost considered to be hazardous to flight? Why?
• What action is recommended if you inadvertently encounter icing conditions?
• Before a cross country flight, what are your primary sources of weather information?
• What types of weather briefings are available from an FSS briefer?
• What is EFAS?
• What is HIWAS? Where do you find a HIWAS report?
• What is a TWEB?

As soon as you call up the FSS briefer they inform you that an AIRMET (T) has been issued for most of Florida, along your cross country flight route. Who are they a concern to most? What is an AIRMET? What are the 3 kinds of AIRMETS? (Airman’s Meteorological Information; Pilots of small aircraft; Valid for 6 hours;

1. (T) = Turbulence or surface winds ? 30 knots,
2. (S) = IFR conditions and mountain obscuration,
3. (Z) = Icing conditions and freezing levels).

What is a Convective SIGMET?

What does the FAA classify as being a Severe Thunderstorm? (Severe convective activity; Surface winds greater than or equal to 50 knots, Hail at the surface greater than or equal to ¾ of an inch in diameter, Tornados).

What is a SIGMET? What is a SIGMET? Who are they a concern to? What are they issued for? How long do they last? (Significant Meteorological Information; Pilots of ALL aircraft; Issued for:

Severe icing, Severe turbulence, Dust storms lowering visibilities to less than 3sm, Sand storms lowering visibilities to less than 3sm, Volcanic ash lowering visibilities to less than 3sm, Tropical storms and hurricanes; They last for 4 hours. 6 hours for hurricanes).

Define the terms IFR, MVFR, and VFR

B. Cross Country Flight Planning/Lost Procedures

Show me your Navigation log and the course line drawn on your sectional for your cross country flight.

If I’m flying from Airport A_____ to Airport B_____ VFR, what options do I have as far as my altitude is concerned? (Hemispheric rule – WEST Mag. course of 180-359 EVEN thousands +500)

What is pilotage? Dead Reckoning?

What is your wind correction angle and how did you compute it?

What cruising altitude did you select and why did you choose it?

How long are sectionals good for?

What are Maximum Elevation Figures? Why are they important?

What is variation and why must we accommodate for it?

Have the student identify different types of airspace along their cross country flight route.

Where can you obtain specific information about Special Use Airspace on the sectional?

Will the checkpoints you have selected be easily visible from our cross country flight route and altitude?

Show me on your E6B how you computed ETE, ETA, GS, Fuel Burn, etc.

What are the VFR Day and Night fuel reserve requirements?

Give the student a position on a sectional and ask them to explain which FSS and how they would contact FSS via airborne and/or ground communication. Cover the various means to contact FSS.

Discuss the services available from FSS.

Discuss the principles of the VFR Flight Plan.

How long after the ETA do you have to close a Cross Country Flight Plan?

What happens after a Cross Country Flight Plan elapses?

Discuss VFR Flight Following principles.

What is an AFD? What pertinent information can you get from an AFD?

How often are AFD’s published?

Explain the procedures for a diversion to an alternate.

Explain the lost procedures.

Discuss emergency situations and give scenarios (bad WX, a/c problems, etc.) for the student to work through.

If I’m flying to an uncontrolled field, at what distance out should I make a position report on the Common Traffic Advisory Frequency? (10nm).

What is the AIM’s recommended entry procedure for an uncontrolled airport?

What is the AIM’s recommended departure procedure for an uncontrolled airport?

How did you find your True Course?

C. National Airspace System

• Randomly select classes of airspace and ask for VFR weather minimums.
• What are the two classifications of airspace?
• What altitudes define Class A airspace?
• Can you enter Class A airspace with a Private Pilot certificate?
• Must you have a clearance to enter Class A airspace?
• What equipment must you have to enter Class A airspace?
• Ask the student to show you Class B airspace on the sectional.
• Explain the solid magenta circle centered on the Primary Class B airport.
• What pilot certification and what aircraft equipment are required for Class B operations?
• Can a student pilot fly in all Class B airspace? If not, where can you find that information?
• What constitutes a clearance to enter Class B airspace?
• What are the maximum speeds for operating in and below Class B airspace?
• Define Class C airspace.
• What are the normal vertical and lateral boundaries of Class C airspace?
• While approaching a Class C airport you call up the approach frequency, and ATC says “N123AB standby“. Can you enter Class C airspace?”
• Ask the student to show you Class C airspace on the sectional.
• What pilot certification and what aircraft equipment are required for Class C operations?
• Can you fly over (not in) Class C airspace without a transponder?
• What constitutes a clearance to enter Class C airspace?
• Ask the student to show you Class D airspace on the sectional.
• What are the dimensions of Class D airspace?
• What pilot certification and what aircraft equipment are required for Class D airspace?
• What constitutes a clearance to enter Class D airspace?
• Give all the possible locations and dimensions of Class E airspace.
• What class airspace are Victor Airways?
• What are their dimensions and altitudes?
• Can Class E airspace go to the surface? If so, show me on the sectional.
• What pilot certification and what aircraft equipment are required for Class E airspace?
• Where can Class G airspace exist?
• What are the maximum and minimum altitudes for Class G airspace?
• What is the maximum indicated airspeed an aircraft may operate at below 10,000 feet MSL in U.S. airspace? (250 KIAS)
• The approach control tells you to IDENT. What does that mean?
• Define special use airspace.
• List and define the six types of special use airspace?
• Of the six special use airspace areas, which is not depicted on a sectional?
• What is an ADIZ and where are they found?
• Where are all controlled classes of airspace defined in the FARs?
• What is a TRSA?
• What services are available from a TRSA?
• What is a TFR?
• Interpret a TFR NOTAM.
• Discuss intercept procedures.

D. Airplane Systems/ Equipment Malfunctions

While flying outside of Class D airspace, you notice that you are unable to establish two-way radio contact with the Control Tower. What actions should you take?

While flying within Class D airspace, you lose radio contact. You notice a steady red light coming from the control tower. What actions should you take?

What does each of the following light gun signals mean? 91.125 – The examiner should provide various light gun scenarios.

What is the max. gross weight of the aircraft to be used for the solo flight?

What is the maximum engine oil capacity for the aircraft to be used for the solo flight?

What is the manufacturer’s minimum engine oil capacity for the aircraft to be used for the solo flight?

What is the minimum allowable oil capacity for the aircraft to be used for the solo flight?

How many usable gallons of fuel does the aircraft to be used for the solo flight contain?

How many usable gallons of fuel does the aircraft to be used for the solo flight have when both tanks are filled to the tabs?

The octane rating of aviation fuel is designated by color. What type of fuel can used in the aircraft to be used for the solo flight?

As you begin cranking the airplane engine on start-up, you hear a loud boom and notice flames shooting through the cowling. What is the recommended action?

As you are flying along your planned cross-country route, you hear the engine begin to sputter and then quit. What is the recommended action?

While flying a cross-country, you see a gradual decrease in engine RPM. What do you expect to be the cause? How do you correct the problem?

What actions should you take if you experience an electrical fire in flight (smoke in the cabin)?

5. Flight Test (Areas to be covered during the flight exam)

A. Area of Operation III: Airport Operations

• Non-towered Airport Operations
• Traffic Pattern

B. Area of Operation VII: Navigation

• Pilotage and Dead Reckoning
• VOR Navigation
• Course Interception
• Navigation Systems and Radar Services
• Diversion to Alternate
• Lost Procedures
• Use of Mixture During Cruise Flight**

C. Basic Instrument Flight

• Straight-and-Level Flight
• Constant Airspeed Climbs
• Constant Airspeed Descents
• Turns to Headings
• Recovery From Unusual Attitudes
• Radio Communications, Navigational Systems/Facilities, and Radar Services.

D. Area of Operation X: Emergency Operations

• Emergency Approach and Landing
• Systems and Equipment Malfunctions
• Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear

E. Make sure all safety practices and procedures are followed while conducting the above Tasks.

6. Lesson Completion Standards:

The student shall demonstrate the ability to plan and safely conduct a VFR cross country flight. During the flight the student shall demonstrate proper navigation procedures. During the cross country flight: altitude +/- 200 feet, heading +/- 15 degrees, position +/- 3 NM, and ETA +/- 5 minutes.

7. Debrief

A. All aspects of the ground and flight portion of the Cross Country Flight Check should be debriefed and discussed.
B. Make suggestions or recommendations to help the student improve.
C. Answer any questions the student may have.
D. Complete all the necessary paperwork.
E. Student Logbook.

Pre-Solo Flight Exam

photo credit: Armchair Aviator

This plan of action for a typical pre-solo flight exam is an example only and should be used used as a reference tool for both students and CFI’s. This stage check will in no way be limited to the items included here. The Check Instructor has discretion as to what material and concepts will be covered/tested beyond what is listed on these pages.

1. Lesson Objective:

A. This Flight Exam, conducted by a designated check instructor, will evaluate the student’s readiness for solo flight. Both the student’s aeronautical knowledge and flight proficiency will be assessed. This lesson would typically complete Stage One of an approved Private Pilot training syllabus.

2. Introduction and Briefing

A. Put the applicant at ease and advise applicant of available comfort facilities (rest room, water fountain, vending machine, etc).
B. Confirm type of practical test or retest.
C. Provide a casual overview of the test.
D. Verify that the applicant is aware of the requirements and tolerances required under the Federal Aviation Regulations for solo flight.
E. Advise the applicant:

• The Flight Exam is conducted in accordance with the Private Pilot Practical Test Standards.
• The examiner should be using a written Plan Of Action (Used to Organize the Stage Check).
• Will be taking notes for the debrief – good or bad.
• Oral questioning will continue throughout the test.
• Perfection is not the standard.
• Three possible outcomes are:

1. Satisfactory
2. Unsatisfactory – Further training required.
3. Incomplete (Aircraft malfunction, weather, etc).

3. Paperwork Validation

A. Student Pilot Certificate
B. Minimum Third Class FAA Medical
C. Photo ID – State/Government Issued
D. Aircraft Documents (certificates, inspection endorsements, and equipment)

• Current aeronautical Charts.
• Computer and plotter.
• Flight plan form and logs.
• Current FAR/AIM, A/FD, and PTS.
• View limiting device for flight test.

E. Any Questions??
F. Announce “THE TEST HAS BEGUN”

4. Oral Quiz – Private PTS

A. Certificates and Documents

• How old do you have to be to be eligible for a student pilot certificate?
• If your student pilot certificate was issued on April 15, 2008 what day will your certificate expire on?
• What endorsements does a student pilot need prior to going solo?
• How long does each endorsement last?
• After receiving the required logbook endorsements for solo flight, your friend (who is not a pilot) asks you if he can go for a ride. Are you allowed to take your friend flying?
• Please name ALL the student pilot limitations
• Does the Private certificate expire? If so, when?
• What kind of currency must you maintain with a Private certificate?
• What class of medical must be maintained to exercise the privileges of the Private certificate?
• How long is the above-mentioned medical good for?
• If I received a medical on January 4th, 2007, and I am 36, what is the last day I can legally fly with a:
• 3rd class medical?
• 2nd Class medical?
• 1st Class medical?
• What is a SODA?
• What is a Special Issuance?
• As a Private pilot, are you required to log every flight in a logbook?
• What, if any, flights are you required to log?
• What documents are required to be on board your aircraft?
• What items must a pilot have in their possession during a flight?
• What is an airworthiness certificate and when does it expire?
• What is a registration certificate and when does it expire?
• What is a POH?
• What is an AFM?
• What is a PIM?
• What are the differences between a POH, an AFM, and a PIM?

B. Airworthiness Requirements

• Who is responsible for assuring an aircraft is in an airworthy condition prior to flight?
• After reviewing than maintenance log for the airplane you will be flying for this stage check you notice that the altimeter has not been tested. Can you fly this airplane under VFR for this stage check?
• In order for an aircraft to be in a safe condition for flight, the FAA requires certain inspections. What are they?
• What required equipment is necessary for VFR Day?
• What required equipment is necessary for VFR Night?
• What is a MEL?
• Do all aircraft have MEL’s?
• How do we determine, when there is inoperative equipment, that our flight is still legal?
• What is special flight permit and give a few examples of why you would need one?
• What is an airworthiness directive and who is responsible for ensuring they are properly complied with?
• How often and when must ELT batteries be changed?

C. 14 CFR ? Regulations applicable to student pilots:

• What is Title 14 CFR?
• What is 14 CFR Part 1?
• For the purpose of pilot certification, what does the term Aircraft Category mean? Aircraft class?
• Is multiengine-land a category or class?
• What is 14 CFR Part 61?
• After obtaining a private pilot certificate, you decide to take your friends up for a ride. In order to carry passengers, what must you do prior to your flight? What must you do if your flight is at night?
• After obtaining you private pilot certificate, your permanent address changes. Two months have passed. Can you continue to use your pilot certificate? Why?
• After obtaining your private pilot certificate, you decide it would be fun to fly a faster airplane. You decide to get checked out in the Piper Arrow. What must you receive prior to operating that airplane by yourself?
• What is 14 CFR Part 91?
• According to Part 91.119 what is the lowest altitude you can fly at over a congested area?
• According to Part 91.119 what is the lowest altitude you can fly at in other than a congested area?
• According to Part 91.151, what are the fuel requirements for DAY VFR flight? NIGHT VFR flight?
• What is the minimum visibility and ceiling conditions that a pilot may operate under VFR in controlled airspace?
• Under 91.17 what is the minimum amount of time required to wait after the consumption of any alcohol?
• If you decide to go out drinking heavily the night before a flight, but you stop drinking 8 hours prior to the flight, will you be legal to proceed with your flight? Why or why not? Name ALL aspects of that regulation.
• What class of airspace is the airport where the solo flight is to be conducted located in?
• What is Airspace ? Class A, B, C, D, E, G ? Explain in detail each one? Part 71 and Part 91.126 – 91.135
• What is a Restricted area? Part 73 and 91.133
• What is an MOA? What is TFR? What is an Alert Area?
• While flying outside of Class D airspace, you notice that you are unable to establish two-way radio contact with Melbourne Tower. What actions should you take?
• While flying within Class D airspace, you lose radio contact. You notice a steady red light coming from the control tower. What actions should you take?
• What does each of the following light gun signals mean? Ground and in flight.

D. Private PTS Introduction:

• What is the purpose of the PTS?
• Discuss the difference between the terms “shall” and “must” versus “should” and “may.”
• Name some FAA special emphasis areas as listed in the Private Pilot PTS
• Which is required to be accomplished first, the ground or flight portion?
• What is an Area of Operation?
• What is a Task?
• What is the purpose of sections labeled as “NOTE?”
• Name at least four (4) sources that the PTS is based on.
• If a Designated Pilot Examiner (DPE) elects to begin a particular Area of Operation, how many Tasks in that Area of Operation must they complete?
• Can you fail the Practical Test if only one (1) Task is failed?

D. Performance and Limitations:
Please name all of the following V-speeds for the airplane to be used for the solo flight :

• Vso =
• Vs1 =
• Vx =
• Vy =
• Cruise Climb =
• Vglide =
• Vfe =
• Vno =
• Vne =
• Va =
• Max crosswind =
• Define maneuvering speed. What is its purpose?
• How do you calculate maneuvering speed?
• Name the various control surfaces that manipulate lift.
• What is the wing chord?
• What is meant by angle of attack?
• What is the relative wind?
• What is a forward slip?
• What is a side slip?
• Define Stall.
• What is the difference between center of pressure and center of gravity?
• How would flying with an aft CG affect aircraft performance? Forward CG?

E. Take off and Landing Distance Calculations:

• Have the student to determine the take off and landing distance.
• Name some factors that affect take off and landing distance.

F. Operation of Systems:

• What is the elevator / stabilator?
• What is the purpose of trim? What does it do?
• What is the purpose of flaps?
• What flap positions does your airplane have?
• Describe the engine on your airplane.
• What safety feature does the your airplane possess to retain engine power in the case of induction blockage?
• Describe the fuel system on the your airplane.
• How many usable gallons of fuel does your airplane hold?
• How many fuel sumps do you check during the pre-flight of your airplane?
• The octane rating of aviation fuel is designated by color. What type of fuel is used in your airplane?
• What items should you look for when examining fuel during any pre-flight?
• How should you properly dispose of contaminated fuel after draining it from the sump(s)?
• Where is the fuel mixed with air in your airplane engine?
• What kind of carburetor does the your airplane have?
• How many quarts of oil should your airplane be operated with?
• What things should you look for when checking the oil during the pre-flight?
• Does your airplane use hydraulic fluid?
• If so, for what system?
• Describe and discuss the electrical system on your airplane.
• How many amps and volts are the alternator and battery rated for?
• Which of the above is the primary source of electrical power?
• What are the indications of a alternator failure in-flight?
• What should you do if your alternator failed in-flight?
• Ask various GPS(If equipped), transponder, and audio panel related questions concerning their operation.
• Describe the heater on your airplane.
• What are Magnetos? What do they do?
• If after a solo flight, you shut down the aircraft engine, but you leave the key in the ignition in the BOTH position. Why is this a safety hazard?

G. Safety Procedures and Practices

• While conducting the pre-flight on the airplane you are using for your first solo flight, you notice that the left main tire is bald. What course or action do you take?
• Does the yellow painted taxiway line always provide wingtip clearance?
• After returning from a solo flight and while taxiing on the ramp you notice there is a shortcut in between two tied-down aircraft. Can you taxi through the line of airplanes en route to your parking spot?
• What is the required fuel reserve at all times?
• What actions should you take in the case of an engine fire during start-up? Please name the steps in the procedure in order of importance.
• You clear the prop and start the engine. You notice the oil pressure gauge does not indicate oil pressure within 30 second. What should be your next action?
• Take out the airport diagram: From the ramp, Tower clears you to taxi to the active runway. Can you taxi all the way to the beginning of the active runway from your position?
• While en route to the airport you experience engine power loss. What is the procedure in order of importance you will follow to handle the situation?
• Upon reaching the practice area during a flight, what are the first things you do prior to starting to maneuver?
• In order to recover from a stall, what do you need to do?
• While approaching to land on runway 9 you get a wind check from the Tower. They report the wind is at 150 at 15 knots. How do you handle the crosswind?
• Upon landing extremely hard you bounce back up into the air. What should be your next action?
• Where are the practice areas located?

H. Wake Turbulence Avoidance:

• You are holding short of the runway and are next in line after a departing Boeing 747 (a huge 4 engine jet). Tower clears you for takeoff. How should you depart the area?
• How do you land behind a large aircraft?
• When does an aircraft produce the greatest wake turbulence? What characteristics or configuration produces the greatest wake turbulence?

5. Flight Test (Areas to be covered during the flight exam)

A. Area of Operation II: Pre-flight Procedures

• Pre-flight Inspection
• Cockpit Management
• Engine Starting
• Taxiing
• Before Takeoff Check

B. Area of Operation III: Airport Operations

• Radio Communications
• Traffic Patterns

C. Area of Operation IV: Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-arounds

• Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb
• Normal and Crosswind Approach and Landing
• Go-arounds/Rejected Landings

D. Area of Operation VI: Ground Reference Maneuvers

• Rectangular Course
• S-Turns
• Turns Around a Point

E. Area of Operation VIII: Slow Flight and Stalls

• Maneuvering During Slow Flight
• Power-off Stalls
• Power-on Stalls

F. Area of Operation IX: Basic Instrument Maneuvers

• Straight-and-Level Flight
• Constant Airspeed Climbs
• Constant Airspeed Descents
• Turns to Headings

G. Area of Operation X: Emergency Operations

• Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated)
• Systems and Equipment Malfunctions
• Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear

H. Make sure all safety practices and procedures are followed while conducting the above Tasks.

6. Pre-solo stage check Completion Standards:

This lesson is complete upon sufficient demonstration of the student’s aeronautical knowledge and skill to safely conduct a solo flight.

7. Debrief

A. All aspects of the Stage Check should be debriefed and discussed.
B. Make suggestions or recommendations to help the student improve.
C. Answer any questions the student may have.
D. Fill out all necessary paperwork.

• Student Logbook

Has your flight instructor covered all of these elements?

Other than your first solo flight as a student pilot, the thing that causes the most apprehension and anxiety for pilots of all levels is the Checkride.  Are you prepared for your pilot Checkride?

Whatever aviation checkride you might be preparing for, from pre-solo to Airline Transport Pilot, will be addressed on this website. In fact, providing student pilots with the information and resources they need to be successful on their initial checkride attempts will be our main purpose here at The New AviationMD. Why, because no pilot wants to fail a checkride as it may affect their future, especially if a career as a professional pilot is your goal.

How we plan to do that is by providing comprehensive aviation resources developed from over twenty years of aviation experience. The last five of which were spent as a Check Pilot for all pilot stage checks and certification checkrides; from pre-solo through Flight Instructor.

Most websites you’ll encounter only list the requirements for aviation checkrides and thus fail to provide the insights required for checkride success. These requirements are already common knowledge and specific as they’re listed in the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR’s), as well as the appropriate Practical Test Standards (PTS) guides. Here at The New AviationMD, we plan to break down these requirements into the finest detail and present them to you from an examiners perspective.

Thus, please become a member of our site by signing up to receive our free pilot tips newsletter. And hang on as we gear up for your aviation checkride success. Also, feel free to comment or ask questions on any of the posts here at www.aviationmd.com and we’ll provide a personal response in a timely manner.